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The Art of Food

Community Spotlight


Joaquín Stacey-Calle (b.2000, Ecuador). From the Digested Landscapes series, 2023. Oil and latex on drop cloth. 70 x 95 inches. Courtesy of a private lender.

Joaquín Stacey-Calle (b.2000, Ecuador). From the Digested Landscapes series, 2023. Oil and latex on drop cloth. 70 x 95 inches. Courtesy of a private lender.

With the intention of adding local relevance to The Art of Food: From the Collections of the Jordan D. Schnitzer and His Family Foundation exhibition, we have created this Community Spotlight section to call out works by local artists. This painting is by Joaquín Stacey-Calle, an Ecuadorian-born Miami-based artist whose work on history, identity and memory frequently engages the theme of nourishment.

In light of the dichotomy between the vital role of farmworkers in our daily lives and the lack of recognition of their labor, the following essay explores the paramount work carried out by the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) to defend the rights of the workers responsible for picking the food we eat.


  El texto en español

Dissociation from Our Food Sources and the Human Rights Issue: What Are the Challenges Facing Immokalee Farmworkers in the Struggle for Fair Food?

We are pleased to present The Art of Food:From the Collections of Jordan D. Schnitzer and His Family Foundation at Artis—Naples, The Baker Museum. This exhibition includes more than 100 works by modern and contemporary artists. The works — sometimes humorous, sometimes poignantly critical — not only address our relationship with and around nourishment, but they also bring crucial questions to the table. To better understand how some of the topics of the show relate to our context in Collier County, we studied the experiences of the Immokalee farmworkers.

Farm work entails some of the worst-paid and most dangerous jobs, and this reality is no different in the Global North. Farmworkers are responsible for weeding, watering and harvesting the fruits and vegetables we eat. In Collier County alone, there are currently an estimated 100,000 to 199,000 farms.[1]

According to the University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, “Florida’s agriculture and food system supports $270.07 billion in sales revenue and more than 2,000,000 jobs throughout the state’s economy.”[2] To this fact, we must ask: Do these revenues help make the lives of these two million workers better? Do the revenues put food on their tables? Research conducted by nonprofit organization Feeding America can help answer these complicated questions. Their research shows that, in the state of Florida as a whole, the food-insecure population reached 2,314,370 in 2021. Latinx people, who comprise the majority of farmworkers in Florida, are 2.5 times more likely to experience food insecurity than white people. [3] Feeding America also discovered that approximately 32,210 people (of all races and ethnicities) face food insecurity in Collier County alone.[4]

Recent census data shows that the per-capita annual income in Immokalee is $16,380, and a 2023 study published by the Pulitzer Center finds that “wages remain a primary barrier to residents’ adequate food access.” [5]

While today’s conditions are challenging, living and working conditions for local farmworkers were significantly worse in the past. Most of these workers came from Guatemala, Haiti and Mexico looking for better economic opportunities with which to support their families. However, they found themselves subjected to violence, assault and, in some cases, compulsion to work against their will. An estimated 80% of women farmworkers had at some point suffered from sexual harassment in the fields. In 1992, a group of agricultural workers in Immokalee farms decided to stand up together and organize against the abuse they experienced from supervisors and farm owners. With the purpose of fighting against poor wages and dangerous working conditions, they established the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW). It was incorporated as a nonprofit organization in 1996.[6] The CIW’s efforts to end modern-day slavery have inspired changes to federal policy and have led to the convictions of crew leaders on slavery charges. Notably, this work has led to the CIW’s receipt of the 2007 Anti-Slavery Award presented by Anti-Slavery International and the 2003 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award. [7]

Farmworker and worker education leader Gerardo Reyes and human rights strategist Greg Asbed are the founders of the CIW’s Fair Food Program (originally known as the Campaign for Fair Food, established in 2000). This innovative program employs a worker-driven social responsibility model, as conceptualized by Asbed.

The program is known nationally as a model for providing farmworkers with human rights and requiring that growers selling to participating buyers (such as McDonalds, Walmart, Whole Foods and Trader Joe’s) clock workers’ time and pay them minimum wage (currently $11 per hour in Florida), as required by federal law. Participating buyers also agree to pay at least a penny more per pound of tomatoes they buy, translating to a bonus that gets split among qualifying workers.

However, not all buyers participate in the Fair Food Program. The CIW continues to advocate for a consumer boycott of Publix, Kroger and Wendy’s, which have all refused to join. Julia Perkins, education coordinator for the CIW, says even with these gains, many workers struggle to feed themselves. Agricultural work is inconsistent, and an individual’s income will vary greatly by season.[8]

While much progress has been accomplished by the workers, many challenges remain. Before the tireless efforts led by the CIW, numerous farmworkers were enslaved and subdued by crew leaders using force, drugs or debt as a form of leverage.  As a result, the workers and their families remained at the crew leaders’ mercy. CIW worker and researcher Sean Sellers has drawn connections between the 21st-century exploitation of farmworkers and the exploitation of the labor of African Americans under slavery.[9] Although free from actual slavery in terms of “ownership,” farmworkers still face many predicaments in this hazardous line of work.

On any given day during Immokalee's harvests, many workers do emerge from the parking lot free-for-all with a job. They then embark on an unpaid ride to the fields, which lasts anywhere from thirty minutes to two hours. Once in the fields, workers wait without pay for morning dew to evaporate off the plants before they begin harvesting. After the crewleader signals, they rapidly begin filling plastic buckets with green, pesticide-covered tomatoes as afternoon temperatures may climb well into the nineties.

Workers haul the buckets, each weighing thirty-two pounds when full, to the edge of the field and toss them up to another worker who dumps the fruit into large bins stacked on flatbed trucks. The harvester then returns to his or her row with a chit and an empty bucket only to start again. This repetitive, grueling task earns roughly forty-five cents for every bucket of tomatoes picked – virtually the same piece rate as in 1978. At this rate, workers must now pick over twice the number of buckets per hour as they did thirty years ago in order to earn minimum wage.[10]

As explored by curator Olivia Miller in this exhibition under the section dedicated to “Dissociation,” the general public is largely unaware of the trials faced by the farmworkers who care for and collect the food we eat. In the words of Asbed:

…the sparkling produce aisles where we buy our food are light-years removed from the fields with a harvest, and the abuse takes place out of sight, out of mind, because the retail food companies would sell us our food prioritize price and quality, not human rights.[11]

In light of this reality, humanitarian initiatives like the Fair Food Program (FFP) fill a critical gap. The FFP continues to expand, currently covering 35,000 workers throughout 10 states, three countries and over a dozen crops. The FFP has eliminated sexual assault, slavery and other forms of violence in participating farms.[12]

It is our wish that the story of Immokalee farmworkers inspires hope in the viewer and that we may also walk away from this experience more critically reflective of our choices as food consumers. Some of the marvelous works of art in this exhibition are a delight to our senses, while others pose more questions than answers; some exalt the sense of intimacy and community when sharing a meal, and still others show the estrangement between customers and our food sources. We invite the public to visit the exhibition with both the open curiosity of a child and the soberly critical eye of an adult.

Dianne Brás-Feliciano, PhD.
Curator of Modern Art
Artis—Naples, The Baker Museum


[1] University of Florida | Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida’s Agriculture and Food System Fast Facts, 2022, 5,  accessed June 15, 2023, https://branding.ifas.ufl.edu/downloads/uploads/Extension%20Brochures/IFAS/Florida-Agriculture-Food-System-Fast-Facts.pdf.

[2] Ibid, 4. Bold in original text.

[3] Feeding America, Latino Hunger Facts, 2021, accessed on June 15, 2023, https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/latino-hunger-facts.

[4] ______________, Map the Meal Gap, 2021, accessed June 16, 2023, https://map.feedingamerica.org/county/2021/overall/florida. “Food insecurity in the US is characterized by a nationwide epidemic of diet-related diseases that result in an estimated $240 billion a year health costs (Schlosser 2001) that fall disproportionately on low-income communities of color. (Baker et al. 2006)” taken from Holt-Giménez, Eric, and Yi Wang, “Reform or Transformation? The Pivotal Role of Food Justice in the U.S. Food Movement,” Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts 5, no. 1 (2011): 84, https://doi.org/10.2979/racethmulglocon.5.1.83.

[5] Julia Knoerr, “The Struggle for Food Sovereignty in Immokalee, Florida,” Pulitzer Center, June 14, 2023, https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/struggle-food-sovereignty-immokalee-florida.

[6] Randy Sean Sellers, ““Del pueblo para el pueblo”: The Coalition of Immokalee Workers and the Fight for Fair Food” (MA thesis., University of Texas at Austin, 2009), 72.

[7] Ibid, 23.

[8] Knoerr.

[9] Sellers, 48.

[10] Ibid, 28-29.

[11] Greg Asbed and Gerardo Reyes Chávez, “How farmworkers are leading a 21st century human rights revolution,” uploaded on February 8, 2019, TEDMED Talks, video, 19:57, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rtUy1apCWU.

[12] Ibid. Bold has been added by the author.

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